Identifikasi bahan kimia

Posted by Alami Dan ilmiah


Identifikasi bahan kimia
Identifikasi bahan kimia menuru pemahaman saya yaitu dan buku yang sering saya baca merupakan suatu cara untuk mempelajari karakteristik bahan tersebut dengan mengamati label bahan kimia kemudian bentuk, warna, bau, dan sifatnya. Identifikasi bahan kimia dilakuakan berkaitan dengan penanganan, penyimapanan, dan penggunaaan bahan tersebut lebih lanjut, sehinggah resiko bahaya dapat dicegah dan di hindari, serta dalam penggunaannya lebih efisien. Cara mudah mengidentifikasi suatu bahan kimia dapat dilakukan dengan cara mempelajari informasi yang terta pada label kemasan. Informasi-informasi yang dapat diperoleh pada label bahan kimia yaitu :
a.       Nama bahan kimia dapat disertai rumus kimia pada label berada di bagian tengah.
              nama sebagain identitas penting dan pada contoh label tertulis natrium hidroksida dengan rumus NaOH.
b.       Kemurnian bahan kimia pada label tertera deng tulisan “pro analysis” atau Analar (AR) atau ACS untuk reagensia analitik, karena memiliki kemurnian yang sangat tinggi (> 99%). Tingakat kemurnian bahan kimia yang tertinggi dikenal dengan istilah Aristar atau Saprapur. Label bahan kimia yang tidak  tercantum spesifikasi rinci biasa dikenal dengan istilah “tekniks”
c.        Symbol / tanda bahaya pada label menunjjukkkan sifat bahaya dari bahan kimia bersangkutan. Symbol-simbol ditulis dengan berbagai bahasa dengan maksud agar siapa saja yang menggunakan bahan kimia tersebut bias memahami peringatan yang tertulis pada label, sehingga resiko bahaya dapat dicegah sekecil mungkin.
d.       Informasi Simbol Bahan Kimia
      Karakteristik bahan kimia terutama sifatnya dapat di pelajari melalui simbol-simbol yang    menggambarkan tingkatan bahaya bahan kimia yang bersangkutan.     


Simbol Bahan Kimia







e.kode R/S
          kode R ( Hazard Warning for Dangerous Chemicals) merupakan peringatan bahay untuk bahan kimia berbahaya. Sedangkan S (Safetiy Precautions for Dangerous Chemical) menunjukkan tindakan pencegahan atau saran penyimpanan untuk bahan-bahan kimia berbahaya.


Informasi kode R dan S
          kode R yang identik dengan tanda baha ( Hazard warning for Dangerous Chemical ) sarin g tertera pada label-label bahan kimia laboratorium. Dalam pencantumanannya,kode R biasanya diikuti dengan angka di belakangnya. R1 misalnya, mempunyai arti “bahan kimia yang sangat bersangkutan dapat meledak di tempat panas”.  Sedangkan R12 identik dengan sifat sangat muudah terbakar. Seringkali di jumpai pada kode R tercantum dalam bentuk kombinasinya, misalnya R1/2 artinya sifat yang dikandung oleh bahan kimia yang bersangkutan adalah R1 dan R2 yaitu dapat meledak di tempat panas dan bila tekena benturan, gesekan dan api. Adapun beberapa kode R yang saya tau seperti di bawah.



Kode R  ( Hazard Warning ) untuk Bahan-Bahan Kimia Berbahaya

Kode R
Keterangan
Kode R
 Keterangan
R1
Dapat meledak di tempat kering atau panas
R23
Meracuni bila terhirup
R2
Meledak bila kena benturan, gesekan, api
R24
Mercuni kulit
R3
Mudah meledak bila kena benturan, gesekan dan api
R25
Meracuni bila tertelan

R4
Sangat sensitive dan mudah meledak
R26
Sangat meracuni bila terhirup
R5
Meledak bila kena panas
R27
Sangat meracuni kulit
R6
Meledak jika kelebihan udara dan kelebihan udara
R28
Sangat meracuni bila tertelan
R7
Danapat menyebabkan kebakaran
R29
Dapat mengembangkan / membentuk gas beracun bila terkontak dengan air
R8
Menimbulkan api jika kontak dengan bahan yang mudah terbakar
R30
Kemungkinan akan mengakibatkan kebekaran bila digunakan
R9
Resiko ledakan bila di campur dengan bahan  yang mudah terbakar
R31
Membentuk gas beracun biladi campur dengan asam
R10
Mudah terbakar
R32
Membentuk gas sangat beracun bila kontak dengan asam
R11
Agak mudah terbakar
R33
Resiko bila di timbulkan
R12
Sangat mudah  terbakar
R34
Menyebabkan korosi dan luka bakar
R13
Mencair, sangat mudah terbakar
R35
Menyebebkan korosi keras
R14
Memeberi reaksi keras terhadap air
R36
Iritasi terhadap mata
R15
Jika reaksi dengan air membentuk gas yang mudah terbakar
R37
Iritasi terhadap organ pernafasan
R16
Meledak bila di campur dengan bahan yang mudah terbakar
R38
Iritasi terhadap kulit
R17
Terbakar langsung di udara
R39
Resiko serius/ cacat tetap
R18
Dapat meledak dan terbakar  (tergantung pemakaian)
R40
Resiko serius cepat sekali
R19
Dapat membentuk peroksida yang mudah meledak
R41
Sensitive bila di hirup
R20
Merusak paru-paru bila terhirup/ tertelan berbahaya terhadap kesehatan bila terhirup
R42
Sensitive / pekah terhadap kulit
R21
Melukai kulit/ berbahaya terhadap kulit
R48
berbahaya akibat kerusakan serius bagi kesehatan karena pemajanan yang berkepanjangan
R22
Berbahaya terhadap kesehatan bila tertelan
R50
sangat beracun terhadap organisme air, dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk dalam jangka panjang dalam lingkungan air

Selain kode R, juga sering di jumpai kode laindengan inisial S pada label bahan kimia. Kode S menunjjukkan informasi tindakan keselamatan / keamanan. S2 misalnya “bahan kimia tersebut di jaukan pada anak-anak”. Seperti halnya kode R dan S juga sering di jumpai tampilan kombinasi. Contohnya S3/7/9 artinya tindakan untuk keselamatan bahan kimia tersebut meliputi S3,S7, dan S9.

Kode S (safety Precaution) untuk bahan-bahan Kimia berbahaya

Kode S
Keterangan
Kode S
Keterangan
S1
Simpan di tempat terkunci
S13
Jauhkan dari makanan dan minuman
S2
Jaukan dari jangkauan anak-anak
S14
Jauhkan dari bahan kimia yang bertentangan
S3
Simpan di tempat yang sejuk
S15
Lindungi dari panas
S4
Jauhkan dari ruangan / kamar tempat tinggal
S16
Jauhkan dari sumber api, jangan merokok
S5
Jauhkan dari cairan
S17
Jauhkan dari bahan-bahan yang mudah terbakar
S6
Jauhkan dari cairan
S18
Buka kemasan dengan hati-hati
S7
Simpan di tempat tertutup rapat
S20
Jangan makan dan minum di saat bekerja
S8
Simpan di wadah / tempat yang kering
S42
Pakai sarung tangan jangan respirator ketika melakukan suatu yang menghasilkan / uap berbahaya
S9
Simpan di tempat yang berventilasi cukup baik
S43
Gunakan pemadam kebakaran
S10
Hindari dari uap  air
S44
Mintalah nasehat dokter apabila anda merasa ragu
S11
Cegah udara masuk
S45
Panggillah dokter bila terjadi kecelakaan atau bila anda merasa tidak sakit
S12
Jangan tutup rapat



 Kode terpenting dalam bahan kimia dan resiko-resiko yg terjadi

Resiko fisiko-kimia
Resiko Kesehatan
Resiko Lingkungan
Huruf kode untuk simbol bahaya
Keterangan bahaya
Huruf kode untuk simbol bahaya
Keterangan bahaya
Huruf kode untuk simbol bahaya
Keterangan bahaya
E
Eksplosif /mudah meledak (Explosive)
T+
Sangat beracun (Very toxic)
N
Bahaya untuk lingkungan
O
Pengoksidasi (Oxidizing )
T
Beracun (Toxic)

F+
Amat sangat mudah terbakar (Extremely flammable)
C
Korosif (Corrosive)
F
Sangat mudah terbakar (Highly flammable)
Xn
Berbahaya (Harmful)

Mudah terbakar
R10: flammable
Xi
Iritan (Irritant)

Sesuai aturan, tidak lebih dari satu keterangan bahaya diseleksi tiap kelompok
Tidak termasuk konstituen dalam limbah yang mengalami reaksi berbahaya antara satu dengan yang lain 

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